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مستخدم:محمد 19951/ملعب7

من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة

[1][2][3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Muslim Brotherhood in Mubarak's Egypt[عدل]

[7]

[8]

Muslim Brotherhood in Egyptian revolution[عدل]

[7][9]

[9][10][11]

[11][12][10][9][13][14]

[15][7][16][a][b][17]

[18]

Parliamentary election, Islamist parties' gains, dissolution of parliament[عدل]

[19][20][9]

[11]

[21]

[1][22][1]

[c][23]

[21]

[24]

[22]

[25]

Constitution drafting assembly[عدل]

[26][27][28][29]

[28][29][30]

[30][31]

[32]

[20][21][33][34]

[35][36]

[26]

Presidential election, elimination of candidates, victory of Mohamed Morsi[عدل]

[37]

[38][39][40]

[41][42][43]

[8][44][45][46]

[47][48]

[17][40][43][49][50]

[49]

[50][51]

[52][32]

[53]

[44]

[54]

[22]

[55][56][57][25]

[45][46][58]

[46]

Military council's assumption of extensive powers[عدل]

[59]

[60][33]

[61]

[33][34]

[33][34]

[33][34]

[33]

.[33][60]

[35]

[60][62]

.[63]

Struggle for power following presidential election[عدل]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[11][71][72]

[72][73]

[74][75]

[9]

[76] [77]

[76][78]

[79]

[3]

[79]

SCAF leaders forced to retire[عدل]

President Morsi's temporary assumption of full constitutional power and push for new constitution[عدل]

[9][9][9][9]

Constitution referendum[عدل]

Acute crisis on revolution's second anniversary[عدل]

Following massive demonstrations on his presidency's first anniversary, Morsi is deposed in a military coup[عدل]

[80][81]

[82]

[83]

Pro-Morsi protesters attacked by security forces; state of emergency declared by the junta[عدل]

.[84][85]

Notes[عدل]

a.^ Dalia Ziada, an Egyptian liberal human rights activist and women's rights advocate, expressed skepticism about the Muslim Brotherhood's sincerity about empowering women. According to her, the Brotherhood leaders, who often declare support for women's rights for political expediency, "cannot see a woman outside the biological stereotypes as a mother, child-bearer, and housewife", while the activists think in terms of Western values and seek "gender equality in social, political, and civic spheres". The Brotherhood's record is that of marginalizing women in their group (the Muslim Sisters and the more recent efforts by the Freedom and Justice Party are mentioned), but Ziada sees a more fundamental problem in the general patriarchal mind-set that stigmatizes the more independent women and in the rise of political Islamists, who (wrongly) use religion to marginalize women socially and politically.[16]

One month after the revolution, Ziada and her colleagues ran a survey, asking 1453 people, including 634 women, whether it would be good for Egypt to have a woman president. The answer was negative in 100% of cases, typically accompanied by abusive comments. Ziada prays "that Morsi will prove her wrong" and help "to empower Egypt through empowering its women in their non-biological roles".[16]

b.^ Naglaa Ali Mahmoud is President Morsi's wife. Her appearance and attitudes are indicative of the divisions between Egypt's westernized elite that has dominated the country in the past decades and the newly ascendant Islamists. She dresses in plain covering clothes characteristic of pious Muslim women. Under Hosni Mubarak, the commonly worn Islamic headscarfs were banned from official view, for example they could not be used by female television presenters. The wives of Egypt's previous two presidents, Jehan Sadat and Suzanne Mubarak, were highly visible and considered influential. Mrs. Morsi, in contrast, keeps a low profile, does not wish to be referred to as the "first lady" and see herself as just the wife of Egypt's first servant. She supported her husband during the presidential campaign without trying to attract attention to herself. Naglaa Mahmoud, a mother of five and a Brotherhood counselor, had been a subject of snide remarks and crude attacks on popular internet sites.[86]

c.^ According to the cited Financial Times article. Parliament's upper chamber, the Shura Council, was actually preserved until the 2013 coup d'état.

References[عدل]

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[[Category:Egyptian Revolution of 2011]] [[Category:History of the Muslim Brotherhood]] [[:تصنيف:سياسة مصر]] [[Category:2013 Egyptian coup d'état]]

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