بريتانيا (عملة معدنية)
 | هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. (يناير 2025) |
| بريتانيا | |
|---|---|
| الفئة | Britannia (One ounce silver) |
| القيمة | 2 pounds sterling |
| القطر | 38.61 مليمتر |
| السمك | 3 mm (2013–present day) ملم |
| الحواف | Milled |
| مكون من |
|
| سنوات السك | 1997–present |
| وجه العملة | |
| التصميم | Queen إليزابيث الثانية |
| المصمم | Jody Clark |
| تاريخ التصميم | 2015 |
| ظهر العملة | |
| التصميم | بريتانيا |
| المصمم | Philip Nathan |
| تاريخ التصميم | 1987 |
تعديل مصدري - تعديل  | |
بريتانيا هي عملة ذهبية صادرة عن دار سك العملة الملكية. سُكت من الذهب منذ عام1987، ومن الفضة منذ عام1997، ومن البلاتين منذ عام 2018. يتضمن ظهر العملة أنماطًا مختلفة من التصورات لبريتانيا، وهو تجسيد أنثوي للمملكة المتحدة، بينما يتضمن الوجه صورة ملك المملكة المتحدة مع الأسطورة حوله.
تَحتوي العملات الذهبية بريتانيا على أونصة تروي واحدة من الذهب ولها قيمة اسمية تبلغ 100 جنيه إسترليني. كما أصدرت عملات بريتانيا الذهبية في أحجام جُزئية تَبلغ نُصف وربع وعشر أونصة طروادة وبقيمة اسمية تبلغ 50 جنيهًا إسترلينيًا و25 جنيهًا إسترلينيًا و10 جنيهات إسترلينيه على التوالي. في عام 2013، قُدم حجمين إضافيين، عملة معدنية تزن خمسة أونصات بقيمة اسمية 500 جنيه إسترليني، وحجم كسري يبلغ عشرين من القيمة الاسمية5 جنيهات إسترلينيه.
تَحتوي العُملات الفضية بريتانيا على أونصة تروي واحدة من الفِضة ولها قيمة اسمية تَبلغ 2 جنيه إسترليني. كما صدرت عملات بريتانيا الفضية في أحجام جزئية تَبلغ نُصف ورُبع وعُشر أونصة طروادة وبقيمة اسمية تَبلغ 1 جنيه إسترليني و50 بنسًا و20 بنسًا على التوالي. مثل العُملات الذهبية في عام 2013، قُدم حجمين إضافيين، عملة معدنية تزن خمسة أونصات بقيمة اسمية 10 جنيهات إسترلينيه، وحجم كسري يبلغ عشرين من القيمة الاسمية 10 بنسات.[1]
يمثل عام 2023 العام الأول الذي يُصور الملك تشارلز الثالث على الوجه الأمامي. وكانت الملكة إليزابيث الثانية قد ظهرت في جميع المؤتمرات السابقة.
ذهب بريتانيا
[عدل]منذُ عام 2013، أصبحت العُملات الذهبية ذات نقاء ألفي يبلغ 0.9999 (أو ذهب عيار 24). حتى عام 2012، تتمتع العملات الذهبية بدرجة نقاء تبلغ 0.917 (91.7% أو 22 قيراطًا من الذهب) والمكون غير الذهبي هو النحاس حتى عام 1989 والفضة منذ عام 1990.
2013– مواصفات ذهب بريتانيا (محتوى الذهب والوزن الإجمالي التقريبي)
- خمس أونصات: القطر 65 ملم (156.295 غرام )
- أونصة واحدة (2013) :القطر 38.61 ملم (31.104 غرام) "عملة أكبر وأرق" لعام 2013 فقط
- أونصة واحدة (2014–) :القطر 32.69 ملم (31.104 غرام)
- نصف أونصة: القطر 27 ملم (15.60 غرام)
- ربع أونصة: القطر 22 ملم (7.86 غرام)
- عُشر أونصة: القطر 16.50 ملم (3.13 غرام)
- عشرون أونصة: القطر 12 ملم (1.58 غرام)
مواصفات ذهب بريتانيا 1987–2012 (محتوى الذهب، وليس الوزن الإجمالي)
- أونصة واحدة: القطر 32.69 ملم (31.104 غرام ؛ الوزن الإجمالي 34.050 غرام)
- نصف أونصة: القطر 27 ملم، (15.552 غرام)
- ربع أونصة: القطر 22 ملم (7.776 غرام)
- أونصة العاشرة: القطر 16.5 ملم، (3.11 غرام)
تُسك عملات بريتانيا الذهبية بكميات غير محدودة كل عام.[2]
فضة بريتانيا
[عدل]منذ عام 2013، انتجت العملات الفضية بدرجة نقاء تبلغ 0.999 (99.9% فضة).[3] كتلتها 31.21 غرام وقطرها 38.61ملم.[4]
من عام 1997 إلى عام 2012، بلغت نقاوة العُملات الفضية 958 (95.8% أو فضة بريتانيا). الكتلة الكلية 32.45 غرام، القطر 40.00 ملم.
صدرت عملات بريتانيا الفضية كل عام بدءًا من عام 1997، عندما قُدمت مجموعة من العُملات الفضية. عام 1998 وفي جميع السنوات الزوجية اللاحقة، يصور التصميم العكسي شخصية بريتانيا واقفة. بدءًا من عام 1999 واستمرارًا في السنوات الفردية، استبدل الشكل الواقف على الوجه الخلفي بسلسلة من التصويرات البديلة غير المتكررة لبريتانيا. ابتداءً من عام 2013، ستتميز الإصدارات التجريبية للعُملة المعدنية بتصميم مختلف كل عام، في حين ستتميز النسخة السبائكية من العُملة المعدنية دائمًا برمز بريتانيا الكلاسيكي. في حين سك العُملة محدودًا قبل عام 2013، ففي عام 2013 وما بعده أصبح سك النسخة الذهبية من العملة غير محدود بناءً على الطلب.[3]
سُكت بعض عُملات بريتانيا الفضية لعام 2014 بوجه غير صحيح بسبب حدوث خلط أثناء عملية التصنيع مع عملات سنة الحصا "القمرية" من دار سك العملة الملكية، حيث كانت كلتا العملتين بنفس الدقة والمواصفات،[5] ووجهان مُتشابهان ولكن ليسا متطابقين. ويعتقد أن هناك حوالي17 ألف نموذج لهذه الضربة الخاطئة، وأطلق عليها اسم "ميول بريتانيا". وقد حققت هذه العملات المعدنية أقساطًا كبيرة على مواقع المزادات عبر الإنترنت.[6]
عملات فضية من بريتانيا
[عدل]يحتوي الجدول التالي على أحدث أعداد العُملات المعدنية التي تم سكها حسب السنة.[7]
| Year | Uncirculated | 1 oz Proof (Orders / Issue Limit) | Proof sets (Orders / Issue Limit) | 5 oz Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 (.958 Ag) | – | 16,005 | 11,832 | not available |
| 1998 (.958 Ag) | 88,909 | 3,044 | 3,044 | |
| 1999 (.958 Ag) | 69,394 | no proof coins released | no proof coins released | |
| 2000 (.958 Ag) | 81,301 | |||
| 2001 (.958 Ag) | 44,816 | 4,596 | 10,000 | |
| 2002 (.958 Ag) | 48,816 | no proof coins released | no proof coins released | |
| 2003[8] (.958 Ag) | 73,271 | 2,016 / 5,000 | 3,669 / 5,000 | |
| 2004[9](.958 Ag) | 100,000 | 2,174 / 5,000 | – | |
| 2005[10](.958 Ag) | 1,539 / 2,500 | 2,360 / 3,500 | ||
| 2006[11](.958 Ag) | 2,529 / 2,750 | 3,000 / 3,000 (The Silhouette Collection encompasses 5 styles, which are 1 oz .999 silver & gold gilt) | ||
| 2007[12](.958 Ag) | 5,157 / 7,500 | 2,500 / 2,500 (Sold out) | ||
| 2008[13](.958 Ag) | 2,500 / 2,500 (Sold out) | |||
| 2009[14](.958 Ag) | 6,784 | |||
| 2010[15](.958 Ag) | 126,367 | 6,539 | 3,497 | |
| 2011[16](.958 Ag) | 100,000 | 4,973 | 2,483 / 2,500 | |
| 2012 (.958 Ag) | 2,500 | - | ||
| 2013 (.999 Ag) | Mint to Order | 2,500 in limited edition presentation, max. mintage 8,500 | - | 1,150 in limited edition presentation, 3,500 in First Strike Presentation, max. mintage 4,650 |
| 2013 (.999 Ag) Snake Privy Rim | 300,000 | 0 | - | 0 |
| 2014 (.999 Ag) | Mint to Order | 2,981 Individual Mintage
2,285 Set Mintage |
1,750 in limited edition presentation, 550 in First Strike Presentation | 600 in limited edition presentation, 750 in First Strike Presentation, max. mintage 1,350 |
| 2014 (.999 Ag) Horse Privy Rim | 1,000,000 | 0 | - | 0 |
| 2015 (.999 Ag) | Mint to Order | 4,240 Individual Mintage
1,559 Set Mintage |
unknown | 995 Limit |
| 2015 (.999 Ag) Ram Privy Rim | 200,000 | 0 | - | 0 |
| 2016 (.999 Ag) | Mint to Order | 4,137 Individual Mintage
1,300 Set Mintage |
unknown | 783 Limit |
| 2016 (.999 Ag) Monkey Privy Rim | 176,300 | - | 0 | |
| 2017 (.999 Ag) | 5,225 Individual Mintage
1,351 Set Mintage |
656 Limit | ||
| 2017 (.999 Ag) Rooster Privy Rim | - | - | - | - |
| 2017 (.999 Ag) Dog Privy Rim | 1 mintage error known | - | - | - |
| 2018 (.999 Ag) Dog Privy Rim | - | - | - | - |
| 2018 (.999 Ag) | 3,630 Individual Mintage
937 Set Mintage |
430 Limit | ||
| 2019 (.999 Ag) | 2,995 Individual Mintage
999 Set Mintage |
340 Limit | ||
| 2019 (.999 Ag) Pig Privy Rim | - | - | - | - |
| 2020 (.999 Ag) | 4,960 Individual Limit
1,000 Set Limit |
250 Limit | ||
| 2020 (.999 Ag) Rat Privy Rim | - | - | - | - |
| 2021 (.999 Ag) | 2,900 Individual Limit
1,000 Set Limit |
250 Limit | ||
| 2022 (.999 Ag) | 3,500 Individual Limit
3,300 Set limit |
350 Limit | ||
| 2023 (.999 Ag) | 3,450 Individual Limit
1,470 Set Limit |
420 Limit | ||
| 2024 (.999 Ag) | 3,500 Individual Limit
2,100 Set Limit |
556 Limit |
تصاميم العملات المعدنية
[عدل]يحتوي الجدول التالي على أحدث أعداد العملات المعدنية التي سُكت حسب السنة.[17]
| Year | Uncirculated | 1 oz Proof (Orders / Issue Limit) | Proof sets (Orders / Issue Limit) | 5 oz Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 (.958 Ag) | – | 16,005 | 11,832 | not available |
| 1998 (.958 Ag) | 88,909 | 3,044 | 3,044 | |
| 1999 (.958 Ag) | 69,394 | no proof coins released | no proof coins released | |
| 2000 (.958 Ag) | 81,301 | |||
| 2001 (.958 Ag) | 44,816 | 4,596 | 10,000 | |
| 2002 (.958 Ag) | 48,816 | no proof coins released | no proof coins released | |
| 2003[8] (.958 Ag) | 73,271 | 2,016 / 5,000 | 3,669 / 5,000 | |
| 2004[9](.958 Ag) | 100,000 | 2,174 / 5,000 | – | |
| 2005[10](.958 Ag) | 1,539 / 2,500 | 2,360 / 3,500 | ||
| 2006[11](.958 Ag) | 2,529 / 2,750 | 3,000 / 3,000 (The Silhouette Collection encompasses 5 styles, which are 1 oz .999 silver & gold gilt) | ||
| 2007[12](.958 Ag) | 5,157 / 7,500 | 2,500 / 2,500 (Sold out) | ||
| 2008[13](.958 Ag) | 2,500 / 2,500 (Sold out) | |||
| 2009[14](.958 Ag) | 6,784 | |||
| 2010[15](.958 Ag) | 126,367 | 6,539 | 3,497 | |
| 2011[16](.958 Ag) | 100,000 | 4,973 | 2,483 / 2,500 | |
| 2012 (.958 Ag) | 2,500 | - | ||
| 2013 (.999 Ag) | Mint to Order | 2,500 in limited edition presentation, max. mintage 8,500 | - | 1,150 in limited edition presentation, 3,500 in First Strike Presentation, max. mintage 4,650 |
| 2013 (.999 Ag) Snake Privy Rim | 300,000 | 0 | - | 0 |
| 2014 (.999 Ag) | Mint to Order | 2,981 Individual Mintage
2,285 Set Mintage |
1,750 in limited edition presentation, 550 in First Strike Presentation | 600 in limited edition presentation, 750 in First Strike Presentation, max. mintage 1,350 |
| 2014 (.999 Ag) Horse Privy Rim | 1,000,000 | 0 | - | 0 |
| 2015 (.999 Ag) | Mint to Order | 4,240 Individual Mintage
1,559 Set Mintage |
unknown | 995 Limit |
| 2015 (.999 Ag) Ram Privy Rim | 200,000 | 0 | - | 0 |
| 2016 (.999 Ag) | Mint to Order | 4,137 Individual Mintage
1,300 Set Mintage |
unknown | 783 Limit |
| 2016 (.999 Ag) Monkey Privy Rim | 176,300 | - | 0 | |
| 2017 (.999 Ag) | 5,225 Individual Mintage
1,351 Set Mintage |
656 Limit | ||
| 2017 (.999 Ag) Rooster Privy Rim | - | - | - | - |
| 2017 (.999 Ag) Dog Privy Rim | 1 mintage error known | - | - | - |
| 2018 (.999 Ag) Dog Privy Rim | - | - | - | - |
| 2018 (.999 Ag) | 3,630 Individual Mintage
937 Set Mintage |
430 Limit | ||
| 2019 (.999 Ag) | 2,995 Individual Mintage
999 Set Mintage |
340 Limit | ||
| 2019 (.999 Ag) Pig Privy Rim | - | - | - | - |
| 2020 (.999 Ag) | 4,960 Individual Limit
1,000 Set Limit |
250 Limit | ||
| 2020 (.999 Ag) Rat Privy Rim | - | - | - | - |
| 2021 (.999 Ag) | 2,900 Individual Limit
1,000 Set Limit |
250 Limit | ||
| 2022 (.999 Ag) | 3,500 Individual Limit
3,300 Set limit |
350 Limit | ||
| 2023 (.999 Ag) | 3,450 Individual Limit
1,470 Set Limit |
420 Limit | ||
| 2024 (.999 Ag) | 3,500 Individual Limit
2,100 Set Limit |
556 Limit |
Coin designs
[عدل]| Year | Metal | Finish | Artist | Description | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Gold & Silver | Proof | Philip Nathan | Britannia riding horse-drawn chariot | |
| 1998 | Brilliant Uncirculated
Proof |
Classic standing Britannia | |||
| 1999 | Brilliant Uncirculated | Philip Nathan | Britannia riding horse-drawn chariot | In 1999, the silver Britannia repeated the Boudicca in chariot design used in 1997, but was only issued in the uncirculated bullion (non-proof) version, as opposed to 1997 when it was only issued in the proof version.[18] | |
| 2000 | Bullion
Proof |
Classic standing Britannia | |||
| 2001 | Philip Nathan | With lion, vertical text | This year features a new design, Britannia is shown standing, accompanied by a lion, similar to the Una and the Lion reverse used on the very rare 1839 £5 gold coins.[19] | ||
| 2002 | Classic standing Britannia | ||||
| 2003 | Philip Nathan | Britannia wearing a helmet with waves in the background | |||
| 2004 | Classic standing Britannia | ||||
| 2005 | Philip Nathan | Seated Britannia | features a seated figure of Britannia, similar to that used on halfpennies and farthings from 1672, which in turn reflects the original personification of Britannia on Roman coins of Hadrian.[20] | ||
| 2006 | Classic standing Britannia | ||||
| 2007 | Christopher Le Brun | Seated Britannia with lion | features a seated figure of Britannia, with large shield bearing the Union Flag (Union Jack), with a lion at her feet, and what looks like the white cliffs of Dover and a sailing yacht in the background.[21] | ||
| 2008 | John Bergdahl | With large waves | This year's Britannia has a new design featuring Britannia on the beach, with giant waves and a lighthouse in the background.[22] | ||
| 2009 | Philip Nathan | The 2009 issue has reverted to the Chariot design last seen in 1999. | |||
| 2010 | Suzie Zamit | In Corinthian-style helmet | Designer Suzie Zamit says: "Britannia is a really important British icon and I wanted to create a design that represents her as a symbol of British liberties and democracy. I felt it was important to portray Britannia as strong - almost Amazonian - and courageous, but not overly warlike, more peaceful and protective".
... Britannia wears a Corinthian-style helmet, emphasising her warlike spirit and is accompanied by a lion to symbolise courage. However, Britannia's serene gaze and the presence of an olive branch, also portrays the goddess as a protective defender of peace and modern British liberty and values. Her eastward looking gaze alludes to Britain's role in the EU and its presence in Afghanistan.[23] | ||
| 2011 | David Mach | In front of large flag | David Mach talks about his challenge to make Britannia a contemporary image and not just appear nationalistic: 'I worked out a design with as much movement as I could for a small surface area; movement that would encourage people to turn the coin and watch the light shift over the surface like I had done with half-crowns as a boy. My design acts as a lenticular image. The flag and Britannia appear to move reflecting a contemporary Britain; a changing Britain; a Britain which is culturally on the move but still with plenty of reasons to wave the flag.'[24] | ||
| 2012 | Philip Nathan | Classic standing Britannia | It draws its inspiration from a strongly maritime approach, Britannia windswept on a cliff-top, the very essence of authority and elegance.[25] | ||
| 2013 | Proof | Robert Hunt | Britannia and the owl | her head appears turned, symbolizing an interest in lands beyond her borders. She wears a Corinthian helmet and holds Neptune's trident to represent her claim as "ruler of the waves". An owl is present as a symbol of wisdom.[26] | |
| 2014 | Jody Clark | Britannia with lion in front of globe | I wanted to include a lion in this Britannia portrayal too because I had decided upon a very feminine and elegant looking Britannia, and I needed the strong presence of the lion to balance the design out. I didn't want it to be overly soft and flowing. I don't think a lion had featured for a while either so I knew I wanted to include one in mine.
... Why did you place the globe in the background – what is it – what does it represent? In my research I found that Britannia often sat on the globe in an imperial fashion. I didn't think that was a very modern concept. Instead, I decided to place it alongside her. I wanted to make the design appear as if Britannia is moving with the globe, and portray a sense of movement, with flowing elements like her dress. I thought it would be nice to have the contrast of static graphic elements too, like the globe. I found it a real balancing act getting the traditional aspects in whilst giving them a modern twist.[27] | ||
| 2015 | Anthony Dufort | Corinth helmet and shield | Anthony looked back to Greek and Roman coins and statues to ensure authenticity while modelling her trident and Corinthian helmet.[28] | ||
| 2016 | Suzie Zamit | Warrior Britannia with lion | Susie has brought her own perspective to Britannia, 'the warrior queen'.
"I knew it was important to make Britannia immediately recognisable but I also tried to think about how she could represent Britain in the twenty-first century. Britannia represents British liberty and democracy, especially potent in times of national insecurity, so I wanted to portray her as a strong figure, almost Amazonian, proud, patriotic and courageous. She is reminiscent of the goddess 'Athena,’ a warrior but in a protective, peace-keeping way. "The shield, a symbol of protection and security, incorporates the Union Jack and I included the lion as national symbol of courage. Visually it is very strong, beautiful and watchful and also a symbol of protection. The inclusion of wind and sea reflect the more modern, forward thinking themes of renewable and green energy".[29] | ||
| 2017 | Louis Tamlyn | British isles forming body
30th anniversary design |
Louis created the design as a first year student at Central Saint Martins college when the Royal Mint requested a 'contemporary interpretation' of Britannia. Louis states: Britannia used to be the name of Great Britain in Roman times and hasn't really been used enough as a visual feature. I think it is important to revive it as a visual feature of the Britannia design as it communicates notions of the history and identity of Britain; by showing Britannia and the island as one it changes our perception.[30] | ||
| 2018 | David Lawrence | In helmet with sunburst behind | Wears traditional British flowers around her helmet.[31]
Lawrence commented: "I wanted to create something with classical grace about it and a certain amount of gravitas: coins of the realm, especially when cast in valuable metals, are a serious business. I enrolled various family members to pose, bedecked with bedsheets and broomsticks for reference shots. It was then a matter of working through the compositions until some pleasing shapes could be resolved within the constriction of the coin's roundel". | ||
| 2019 | Proof
Brilliant Uncirculated |
With lion, thrusting trident | David said of his of design: "My initial thoughts were influence by the great engravers of the past. Their work has a classical grace and gravitas I was keen to recreate. After all, coins of the realm are a serious business. The lion had to be there somewhere, as did the shield and trident... many of the components were already decided in a way. The result is an Anglicised version of ancient Rome".[32] | ||
| 2020 | James Tottle | Britannia in front of flag with lion on shield | James Tottle said of his design: "I felt that a strong pose with a striking silhouette of Britannia in the foreground alongside the Union flag in the background would produce a well-balanced image; I also wanted to feature the lion so I worked it onto the shield. The image needed some movement and drama so I used crashing wave and a billowing dress to achieve this".[33] | ||
| 2021 | Proof | P.J. Lynch | Britannia with lion | ||
| 2021 | Silver | Brilliant Uncirculated | Contemporary Britannia in helmet looking out to sea | On Premium Exclusive only.
P.J. Lynch said of his design: “For the Exclusive editions in the range, I decided it would be a good idea to go in close for a profile portrait of Britannia. I wanted her to look strong, resolute and attractive, but I also felt that her features should reflect something of the diversity of the people of Britain in the twenty-first century.”[34] | |
| 2022 | Proof | Dan Thorne | Britannia with trident and lion shield | Dan Thorne said of his design: “My goal with this coin was to merge a classical feel with something that appeals to a wider, modern audience. I put the figure in a three-quarter view that we don't normally see her in but kept the iconic distant gaze and proud stance. I wanted to have a fully 3D modelled Britannia but with the background in a flatter, graphic style in order to make her really stand out. I have included all the iconic imagery associated with Britannia – the lion, waves and flag – but, in a more subtle way. All these elements are surrounded by the beading that is reminiscent of older coins.”[35] | |
| 2022 | Gold | Proof
1 kg silver proof |
Sandra Deiana | 3 figures of Britannia at different ages | Celebrating International Women's Day the design is inspired by Gustav Klimt's classic 1905 painting ‘The Three ages of Woman’
Ms Deiana said: “I particularly love the Britannia theme – it is the most difficult concept I have faced so far and I will always remain connected to it. No one had harmonised three female representations together. "I had to find a way to represent the Britannia icon in three different eras, through the three ages of woman.”[36] |
| 2023 | Gold & Silver | Proof | Jonathan Olliffe | Britannia rides a chariot pulled by 2 horses with webbed feet for hooves. | Jonathan Olliffe said of his design: “Britannia should, of course, take centre stage, so she is positioned amongst the ocean waves whilst riding a sled-like chariot. A warrior queen, she is standing tall at the helm and holding onto the reigns of the two rearing sea creatures and pointing her trident forwards towards distant lands.
“With a focus on Britannia as the female personification of the nation, it was important to capture a pose which expressed strength, power and beauty, but most importantly that conveyed her role as protector of the realm.”[37] |
| 2024 | Marie-Alice Harel | Features Britannia in profile wearing a helmet with a lion emblem, facing towards a wave. | Marie-Alice Harel 'tried to imagine Britannia as a benevolent and peaceful protector, someone one could trust and turn to in challenging times.'
“I wanted to represent Britannia as quite young in some of the designs to address the younger generations who are the future of the country. They will need those ideas of strength, peace and resilience to solve the problems of health, society and environment that we experience today. “Even though the idea of strength is central to the character, I did my best to show that this power is rooted in kindness, compassion and peace. For me, that's where true power lies and is what we need more of in the world. “This is why I was especially inspired by the symbol of the sea (to me, a reminder of environmental protection and climate change) and the presence of animals around Britannia (the symbolic lion).”[38] |
انظر أيضا
[عدل]- النسر الذهبي الأمريكي
- كتلة من الذهب الاسترالي
- عملة بريطانية ذات سيادة
- ورقة القيقب الذهبية الكندية
- الأوركسترا الفيلهارمونية النمساوية
- كروجراند
- العملات القمرية الصينية
- الذهب كاستثمار
- الفضة كاستثمار
مراجع
[عدل]- ^ "Exploring the Rich History of UK Britannia Silver Coins (2023 Update) | Silver Bullion". www.silverbullion.com.sg (بالإنجليزية). 28 Oct 2018. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
- ^ "Buy Gold Britannias | JM Bullion™". www.jmbullion.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-09-23.
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