جدول دوري (فلز ولا فلز)

العناصر ذات الأرقام الزرقاء سائلة في ظروف الضغط والحرارة القياسية.
العناصر ذات الأرقام الخضراء غازات في ظروف الضغط والحرارة القياسية.
العناصر ذات الأرقام السوداء صلبة في ظروف الضغط والحرارة القياسية.
العناصر ذات الأرقام الحمراء يتم تصنيعها ولا توجد في الطبيعة وصلبة في ظروف الضغط والحرارة القياسية.
العناصر ذات الأرقام الرمادية عناصر لم تكتشف بعد (وقد تم وضعها طبقا للسلسلة الكيميائية التي يتوقع أن تكون بها من حيث اللون).

المراجع

المصادر

Addison WE 1964, The allotropy of the elements, Oldbourne Press, London
Adler D 1969, 'Half-way elements: The technology of metalloids', book review, Technology Review, vol. 72, no. 1, Oct/Nov, pp. 18–19
Benedict M, Alvarez LW, Bliss LA, English SG, Kinzell AB, Morrison P, English FH, Starr C & Williams WJ 1946, 'Technological control of atomic energy activities', "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists", vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 18–29
Anthony S 2013, 'Graphene aerogel is seven times lighter than air, can balance on a blade of grass', ExtremeTech, April 10, accessed 8 February 2015
Antia, Meher. 1998, 'Focus: Levitating Liquid Boron', American Physical Society, viewed 14 December 2014
Appalakondaiah، S.؛ Vaitheeswaran، G.؛ Lebègue، S.؛ Christensen، N. E.؛ Svane، A. (5 يوليو 2012). "Effect of van der Waals interactions on the structural and elastic properties of black phosphorus". Physical Review B. American Physical Society (APS). ج. 86 ع. 3: 035105. arXiv:1211.3512. Bibcode:2012PhRvB..86c5105A. DOI:10.1103/physrevb.86.035105. ISSN:1098-0121. S2CID:118356764.
Askeland DR, Fulay PP & Wright JW 2011, The science and engineering of materials, 6th ed., Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT, (ردمك 0-495-66802-8)
Atkins P, Overton T, Rourke J, Weller M & Armstrong F 2006, Shriver & Atkins' inorganic chemistry, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, (ردمك 0-7167-4878-9)
Austen K 2012, 'A factory for elements that barely exist', NewScientist, 21 Apr, p. 12, ISSN 1032-1233
Bagnall KW 1966, The chemistry of selenium, tellurium and polonium, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Bailar JC, Moeller T, Kleinberg J, Guss CO, Castellion ME & Metz C 1989, Chemistry, 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, (ردمك 0-15-506456-8)
Bassett LG, Bunce SC, Carter AE, Clark HM & Hollinger HB 1966, Principles of chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Batsanov SS & Batsanov AS 2012, Introduction to structural chemistry, Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, (ردمك 978-94-007-4770-8)
Berei K & Vasáros L 1985, 'Astatine compounds', in Kugler & Keller
Betke، Ulf؛ Wickleder، Mathias S. (5 يناير 2011). "Sulfates of the Refractory Metals: Crystal Structure and Thermal Behavior of Nb₂O₂(SO₄)₃, MoO₂(SO₄), WO(SO₄)₂, and Two Modifications of Re₂O₅(SO₄)₂". Inorganic Chemistry. American Chemical Society (ACS). ج. 50 ع. 3: 858–872. DOI:10.1021/ic101455z. ISSN:0020-1669. PMID:21207946.
Beveridge TJ, Hughes MN, Lee H, Leung KT, Poole RK, Savvaidis I, Silver S & Trevors JT 1997, 'Metal–microbe interactions: Contemporary approaches', in RK Poole (ed.), Advances in microbial physiology, vol. 38, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 177–243, (ردمك 0-12-027738-7)
Bogoroditskii NP & Pasynkov VV 1967, Radio and electronic materials, Iliffe Books, London
Booth VH & Bloom ML 1972, Physical science: a study of matter and energy, Macmillan, New York
Born M & Wolf E 1999, Principles of optics: Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light, 7th ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-521-64222-1)
Brassington، M. P.؛ Lambson، W. A.؛ Miller، A. J.؛ Saunders، G. A.؛ Yogurtçu، Y. K. (1980). "The second- and third-order elastic constants of amorphous arsenic". Philosophical Magazine B. Informa UK Limited. ج. 42 ع. 1: 127–148. Bibcode:1980PMagB..42..127B. DOI:10.1080/01418638008225644. ISSN:1364-2812.
Brasted RC 1974, 'Oxygen group elements and their compounds', in The new Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 13, Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago, pp. 809–824
Brescia F, Arents J, Meislich H & Turk A 1975, Fundamentals of chemistry, 3rd ed., Academic Press, New York, p. 453, (ردمك 978-0-12-132372-1)
Brinkley SR 1945, Introductory general chemistry, 3rd ed., Macmillan, New York
Brown TL, LeMay HE, Bursten BE, Murphy CJ & Woodward P 2009, Chemistry: The Central Science, 11th ed., Pearson Education, New Jersey, (ردمك 978-0-13-235-848-4)
Burakowski T & Wierzchoń T 1999, Surface engineering of metals: Principles, equipment, technologies, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, (ردمك 0-8493-8225-4)
Bychkov VL 2012, 'Unsolved Mystery of Ball Lightning', in Atomic Processes in Basic and Applied Physics, V Shevelko & H Tawara (eds), Springer Science & Business Media, Heidelberg, pp. 3–24, (ردمك 978-3-642-25568-7)
Carapella SC 1968a, 'Arsenic' in CA Hampel (ed.), The encyclopedia of the chemical elements, Reinhold, New York, pp. 29–32
Cerkovnik، Janez؛ Plesničar، Božo (28 يونيو 2013). "Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Hydrogen Trioxide (HOOOH)". Chemical Reviews. American Chemical Society (ACS). ج. 113 ع. 10: 7930–7951. DOI:10.1021/cr300512s. ISSN:0009-2665. PMID:23808683.
Chang R 1994, Chemistry, 5th (international) ed., McGraw-Hill, New York
Chang R 2002, Chemistry, 7th ed., McGraw Hill, Boston
Chedd G 1969, Half-way elements: The technology of metalloids, Doubleday, New York
Chen، Zhiliang؛ Lee، Tzung-Yin؛ Bosman، Gijs (20 يونيو 1994). "Electrical band gap of porous silicon". Applied Physics Letters. AIP Publishing. ج. 64 ع. 25: 3446–3448. Bibcode:1994ApPhL..64.3446C. DOI:10.1063/1.111237. ISSN:0003-6951.
Chizhikov DM & Shchastlivyi VP 1968, Selenium and selenides, translated from the Russian by EM Elkin, Collet's, London
Choppin GR & Johnsen RH 1972, Introductory chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts
Christensen RM 2012, 'Are the elements ductile or brittle: A nanoscale evaluation', in Failure theory for materials science and engineering, chapter 12, p. 14
Clementi، E.؛ Raimondi، D. L. (1963). "Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions". The Journal of Chemical Physics. AIP Publishing. ج. 38 ع. 11: 2686–2689. Bibcode:1963JChPh..38.2686C. DOI:10.1063/1.1733573. ISSN:0021-9606.
Clementi، E.؛ Raimondi، D. L.؛ Reinhardt، W. P. (15 أغسطس 1967). "Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions. II. Atoms with 37 to 86 Electrons". The Journal of Chemical Physics. AIP Publishing. ج. 47 ع. 4: 1300–1307. Bibcode:1967JChPh..47.1300C. DOI:10.1063/1.1712084. ISSN:0021-9606.
Cordes EH & Scaheffer R 1973, Chemistry, Harper & Row, New York
Cotton SA 1994, 'Scandium, yttrium & the lanthanides: Inorganic & coordination chemistry', in RB King (ed.), Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., vol. 7, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3595–3616, (ردمك 978-0-470-86078-6)
Cox PA 2004, Inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Instant notes series, Bios Scientific, London, (ردمك 1-85996-289-0)
Cross، R. James؛ Saunders، Martin؛ Prinzbach، Horst (29 سبتمبر 1999). "Putting Helium Inside Dodecahedrane". Organic Letters. American Chemical Society (ACS). ج. 1 ع. 9: 1479–1481. DOI:10.1021/ol991037v. ISSN:1523-7060.
Cverna F 2002, ASM ready reference: Thermal properties of metals, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, (ردمك 0-87170-768-3)
Dalhouse University 2015, 'Dal chemist discovers new information about elemental boron', media release, 28 January, accessed 9 May 2015
Deming HG 1952, General chemistry: An elementary survey, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York
Desai، P. D.؛ James، H. M.؛ Ho، C. Y. (1984). "Electrical Resistivity of Aluminum and Manganese" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. AIP Publishing. ج. 13 ع. 4: 1131–1172. Bibcode:1984JPCRD..13.1131D. DOI:10.1063/1.555725. ISSN:0047-2689. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2023-05-15.
Donohoe J 1982, The Structures of the Elements, Robert E. Krieger, Malabar, Florida, (ردمك 0-89874-230-7)
Douglade، J.؛ Mercier، R. (15 مارس 1982). "Structure cristalline et covalence des liaisons dans le sulfate d'arsenic(III), As₂(SO₄)₃". Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. International Union of Crystallography (IUCr). ج. 38 ع. 3: 720–723. DOI:10.1107/s056774088200394x. ISSN:0567-7408.
Dumé، Belle (23 أبريل 2003). "Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay". Physicsworld. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-28.
Dunstan S 1968, Principles of chemistry, D. Van Nostrand Company, London
Du Plessis M 2007, 'A Gravimetric Technique to Determine the Crystallite Size Distribution in High Porosity Nanoporous Silicon, in JA Martino, MA Pavanello & C Claeys (eds), Microelectronics Technology and Devices–SBMICRO 2007, vol. 9, no. 1, The Electrochemical Society, New Jersey, pp. 133–142, (ردمك 978-1-56677-565-6)
Eby GS, Waugh CL, Welch HE & Buckingham BH 1943, The physical sciences, Ginn and Company, Boston
Edwards، Peter P.؛ Sienko، M. J. (1983). "On the occurrence of metallic character in the periodic table of the elements". Journal of Chemical Education. American Chemical Society (ACS). ج. 60 ع. 9: 691–696. Bibcode:1983JChEd..60..691E. DOI:10.1021/ed060p691. ISSN:0021-9584.
Edwards PP 1999, 'Chemically engineering the metallic, insulating and superconducting state of matter' in KR Seddon & M Zaworotko (eds), Crystal engineering: The design and application of functional solids, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 409–431
Edwards PP 2000, 'What, why and when is a metal?', in N Hall (ed.), The new chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, pp. 85–114
Edwards، P. P.؛ Lodge، M. T. J.؛ Hensel، F.؛ Redmer، R. (13 مارس 2010). "'… a metal conducts and a non-metal doesn't'". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. ج. 368 ع. 1914: 941–965. DOI:10.1098/rsta.2009.0282. ISSN:1364-503X. PMC:3263814. PMID:20123742.
Eichler، R.؛ وآخرون (2007). "Chemical characterization of element 112". Nature. ج. 447 ع. 7140: 72–75. DOI:10.1038/nature05761. ISSN:0028-0836.
Emsley 1994, 'Science: Surprise legacy of Germany's Flying Bombs', New Scientist, no. 1910, January 29
Emsley J 2001, Nature's building blocks: An A–Z guide to the elements, (ردمك 0-19-850341-5)
Endicott K 1998, 'The Trembling Edge of Science', Dartmouth Alumini Magazine, April, accessed 8 May 2015
Fraden، J. H. (1951). "Amorphous antimony. A lecture demonstration in allotropy". Journal of Chemical Education. ج. 28 ع. 1: 34-35. DOI:10.1021/ed028p34. ISSN:0021-9584.
Furuseth، Sigrid؛ Selte، Kari؛ Hope، Håkon؛ Kjekshus، Arne؛ Klewe، Bernt؛ Powell، D. L. (1974). "Iodine Oxides. Part V. The Crystal Structure of (IO)₂SO₄". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. ج. 28a: 71–76. DOI:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.28a-0071. ISSN:0904-213X.
Georgievskii VI 1982, 'Biochemical regions. Mineral composition of feeds', in VI Georgievskii, BN Annenkov & VT Samokhin (eds), Mineral nutrition of animals: Studies in the agricultural and food sciences, Butterworths, London, pp. 57–68, (ردمك 0-408-10770-7)
Gillespie RJ & Robinson EA 1959, 'The sulphuric acid solvent system', in HJ Emeléus & AG Sharpe (eds), Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, pp. 386–424
Glazov VM, Chizhevskaya SN & Glagoleva NN 1969, Liquid semiconductors, Plenum, New York
Glinka N 1965, General chemistry, trans. D Sobolev, Gordon & Breach, New York
Gösele U & Lehmann V 1994, 'Porous Silicon Quantum Sponge Structures: Formation Mechanism, Preparation Methods and Some Properties', in Feng ZC & Tsu R (eds), Porous Silicon, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 17–40, (ردمك 981-02-1634-3)
Greaves، G. N.؛ Greer، A. L.؛ Lakes، R. S.؛ Rouxel، T. (2011). "Poisson's ratio and modern materials". Nature Materials. ج. 10 ع. 11: 823–837. DOI:10.1038/nmat3134. ISSN:1476-1122.
Greenwood NN & Earnshaw A 2002, Chemistry of the elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, (ردمك 0-7506-3365-4)
Gschneidner، Karl A. (1964). "Physical Properties and Interrelationships of Metallic and Semimetallic Elements". Solid State Physics. Elsevier. ج. 16. ص. 275-426. DOI:10.1016/s0081-1947(08)60518-4. ISBN:978-0-12-607716-2.
Gupta A, Awana VPS, Samanta SB, Kishan H & Narlikar AV 2005, 'Disordered superconductors' in AV Narlikar (ed.), Frontiers in superconducting materials, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 502, (ردمك 3-540-24513-8)
Habashi F 2003, Metals from ores: an introduction to extractive metallurgy, Métallurgie Extractive Québec, Sainte Foy, Québec, (ردمك 2-922686-04-3)
Manson SS & Halford GR 2006, Fatigue and Durability of Structural Materials, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, (ردمك 0-87170-825-6)
Hampel CA & Hawley GG 1976, Glossary of chemical terms, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
Hem JD 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water, paper 2254, 3rd ed., US Geological Society, Alexandria, Virginia
Hérold، Albert (28 ديسمبر 2005). "An arrangement of the chemical elements in several classes inside the periodic table according to their common properties". Comptes Rendus. Chimie. ج. 9 ع. 1: 148–153. DOI:10.1016/j.crci.2005.10.002. ISSN:1878-1543.
Herzfeld، K. F. (1 مايو 1927). "On Atomic Properties which make an Element a Metal". Physical Review. ج. 29 ع. 5: 701–705. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.29.701. ISSN:0031-899X.
Heslop RB & Robinson PL 1963, Inorganic chemistry: A guide to advanced study, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Hill G & Holman J 2000, Chemistry in context, 5th ed., Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, (ردمك 0-17-448307-4)
Hiller LA & Herber RH 1960, Principles of chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York
Holtzclaw HF, Robinson WR & Odom JD 1991, General chemistry, 9th ed., DC Heath, Lexington, (ردمك 0-669-24429-5)
Hopcroft، Matthew A.؛ Nix، William D.؛ Kenny، Thomas W. (2010). "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?". Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. ج. 19 ع. 2: 229–238. DOI:10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2039697. ISSN:1057-7157.
Chemistry Views 2012, 'Horst Prinzbach (1931 – 2012)', Wiley-VCH, accessed 28 February 2015
Huheey JE, Keiter EA & Keiter RL 1993, Principles of Structure & Reactivity, 4th ed., HarperCollins College Publishers, (ردمك 0-06-042995-X)
Hultgren HH 1966, 'Metalloids', in GL Clark & GG Hawley (eds), The encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Reinhold Publishing, New York
Hunt A 2000, The complete A-Z chemistry handbook, 2nd ed., Hodder & Stoughton, London
Iler RK 1979, The chemistry of silica: solubility, polymerization, colloid and surface properties, and biochemistry, John Wiley, New York, (ردمك 978-0-471-02404-0)
Jackson, Mike (2000). "Wherefore Gadolinium? Magnetism of the Rare Earths". IRM Quarterly. Institute for Rock Magnetism. ج. 10 ع. 3: 6. مؤرشف (PDF) من الأصل في 2017-07-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-08-08.
Jansen، Martin (30 نوفمبر 2005). "Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum". Solid State Sciences. ج. 7 ع. 12: 1464–1474. Bibcode:2005SSSci...7.1464J. DOI:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015.
Jauncey GEM 1948, Modern physics: A second course in college physics, D. Von Nostrand, New York
Jenkins GM & Kawamura K 1976, Polymeric carbons—carbon fibre, glass and char, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Keenan CW, Kleinfelter DC & Wood JH 1980, General college chemistry, 6th ed., Harper & Row, San Francisco, (ردمك 0-06-043615-8)
Keogh DW 2005, 'Actinides: Inorganic & coordination chemistry', in RB King (ed.), Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 2–32, (ردمك 978-0-470-86078-6)
Klein CA & Cardinale GF 1992, 'Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of CVD diamond', in A Feldman & S Holly, SPIE Proceedings, vol. 1759, Diamond Optics V, pp. 178‒192, دُوِي:10.1117/12.130771
Kneen WR, Rogers MJW & Simpson P 1972, Chemistry: Facts, patterns, and principles, Addison-Wesley, London
Kovalev، D.؛ Timoshenko، V. Yu.؛ Künzner، N.؛ Gross، E.؛ Koch، F. (19 يوليو 2001). "Strong Explosive Interaction of Hydrogenated Porous Silicon with Oxygen at Cryogenic Temperatures". Physical Review Letters. ج. 87 ع. 6: 068301. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.068301. ISSN:0031-9007.
Kozyrev PT 1959, 'Deoxidized selenium and the dependence of its electrical conductivity on pressure. II', Physics of the solid state, translation of the journal Solid State Physics (Fizika tverdogo tela) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, vol. 1, pp. 102–110
Kugler HK & Keller C (eds) 1985, Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic chemistry, 8th ed., 'At, Astatine', system no. 8a, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (ردمك 3-540-93516-9)
Lagrenaudie J 1953, 'Semiconductive properties of boron' (in French), Journal de chimie physique, vol. 50, nos. 11–12, Nov-Dec, pp. 629–633
Lazaruk، S. K.؛ Dolbik، A. V.؛ Labunov، V. A.؛ Borisenko، V. E. (2007). "Combustion and explosion of nanostructured silicon in microsystem devices". Semiconductors. ج. 41 ع. 9: 1113–1116. DOI:10.1134/S1063782607090175. ISSN:1063-7826.
Legut، Dominik؛ Friák، Martin؛ Šob، Mojmír (22 يونيو 2010). "Phase stability, elasticity, and theoretical strength of polonium from first principles". Physical Review B. ج. 81 ع. 21. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.81.214118. ISSN:1098-0121.
Leith MM 1966, Velocity of sound in solid iodine, MSc thesis, University of British Columbia. Leith comments that, '... as iodine is anisotropic in many of its physical properties most attention was paid to two amorphous samples which were thought to give representative average values of the properties of iodine' (p. iii).
Lide DR & Frederikse HPR (eds) 1998, CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics, 79th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (ردمك 0-849-30479-2)
Lidin RA 1996, Inorganic substances handbook, Begell House, New York, (ردمك 1-56700-065-7)
Andersen، A. Lindegaard؛ Dahle، Birgit (1 يناير 1966). "Fracture Phenomena in Amorphous Selenium". Journal of Applied Physics. ج. 37 ع. 1: 262–266. DOI:10.1063/1.1707823. ISSN:0021-8979.
Mann، Joseph B.؛ Meek، Terry L.؛ Allen، Leland C. (1 مارس 2000). "Configuration Energies of the Main Group Elements". Journal of the American Chemical Society. ج. 122 ع. 12: 2780–2783. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e. ISSN:0002-7863.
Marlowe MO 1970, Elastic properties of three grades of fine grained graphite to 2000 °C, NASA CR‒66933, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Facility, College Park, Maryland
Martienssen W & Warlimont H (eds) 2005, Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data, Springer, Heidelberg, (ردمك 3-540-30437-1)
Matula، R. A. (1 أكتوبر 1979). "Electrical resistivity of copper, gold, palladium, and silver". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. ج. 8 ع. 4: 1147–1298. DOI:10.1063/1.555614. ISSN:0047-2689.
McQuarrie DA & Rock PA 1987, General chemistry, 3rd ed., WH Freeman, New York
Mendeléeff DI 1897, The Principles of Chemistry, vol. 2, 5th ed., trans. G Kamensky, AJ Greenaway (ed.), Longmans, Green & Co., London
Mercier، R.؛ Douglade، J. (15 يونيو 1982). "Structure cristalline d'un oxysulfate d'arsenic(III) As₂O(SO₄)₂ (ou As₂O₃.2SO₃)". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. ج. 38 ع. 6: 1731–1735. DOI:10.1107/S0567740882007055.
Metcalfe HC, Williams JE & Castka JF 1966, Modern chemistry, 3rd ed., Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York
Mikulec، F.V.؛ Kirtland، J.D.؛ Sailor، M.J. (4 يناير 2002). "Explosive Nanocrystalline Porous Silicon and Its Use in Atomic Emission Spectroscopy". Advanced Materials. Wiley. ج. 14 ع. 1: 38–41. DOI:10.1002/1521-4095(20020104)14:1<38::aid-adma38>3.0.co;2-z. ISSN:0935-9648.
Moss TS 1952, Photoconductivity in the Elements, London, Butterworths
Mott NF & Davis EA 2012, 'Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials', 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, (ردمك 978-0-19-964533-6)
Nakao، Yukimichi (1992). "Dissolution of noble metals in halogen–halide–polar organic solvent systems". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications ع. 5: 426–427. DOI:10.1039/C39920000426. ISSN:0022-4936.
Nemodruk AA & Karalova ZK 1969, Analytical chemistry of boron, R Kondor trans., Ann Arbor Humphrey Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan
New Scientist 1975, 'Chemistry on the islands of stability', 11 Sep, p. 574, ISSN 1032-1233
Noddack، Ida (15 سبتمبر 1934). "Über das Element 93". Angewandte Chemie. ج. 47 ع. 37: 653–655. DOI:10.1002/ange.19340473707. ISSN:0044-8249.
Olechna، Doris J.؛ Knox، Robert S. (1 نوفمبر 1965). "Energy-Band Structure of Selenium Chains". Physical Review. ج. 140 ع. 3A: A986–A993. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.140.A986. ISSN:0031-899X.
Orton JW 2004, The story of semiconductors, Oxford University, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-853083-8)
Parish RV 1977, The metallic elements, Longman, London
Partington JR 1944, A text-book of inorganic chemistry, 5th ed., Macmillan & Co., London
Pauling L 1988, General chemistry, Dover Publications, NY, (ردمك 0-486-65622-5)
Perkins D 1998, Mineralogy, Prentice Hall Books, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, (ردمك 0-02-394501-X)
Pottenger FM & Bowes EE 1976, Fundamentals of chemistry, Scott, Foresman and Co., Glenview, Illinois
Qin، Jiaqian؛ Nishiyama، Norimasa؛ Ohfuji، Hiroaki؛ Shinmei، Toru؛ Lei، Li؛ He، Duanwei؛ Irifune، Tetsuo (2012). "Polycrystalline γ-boron: As hard as polycrystalline cubic boron nitride". Scripta Materialia. ج. 67 ع. 3: 257–260. arXiv:1203.1748. DOI:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.04.032.
Rao، C.N.R.؛ Ganguly، P. (1986). "A new criterion for the metallicity of elements". Solid State Communications. ج. 57 ع. 1: 5–6. DOI:10.1016/0038-1098(86)90659-9.
Rao KY 2002, Structural chemistry of glasses, Elsevier, Oxford, (ردمك 0-08-043958-6)
Raub CJ & Griffith WP 1980, 'Osmium and sulphur', in Gmelin handbook of inorganic chemistry, 8th ed., 'Os, Osmium: Supplement', K Swars (ed.), system no. 66, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 166–170, (ردمك 3-540-93420-0)
Ravindran، P.؛ Fast، Lars؛ Korzhavyi، P. A.؛ Johansson، B.؛ Wills، J.؛ Eriksson، O. (1 نوفمبر 1998). "Density functional theory for calculation of elastic properties of orthorhombic crystals: Application to TiSi₂". Journal of Applied Physics. ج. 84 ع. 9: 4891–4904. DOI:10.1063/1.368733. ISSN:0021-8979.
Reynolds WN 1969, Physical properties of graphite, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Rochow EG 1966, The metalloids, DC Heath and Company, Boston
Rock PA & Gerhold GA 1974, Chemistry: Principles and applications, WB Saunders, Philadelphia
Russell JB 1981, General chemistry, McGraw-Hill, Auckland
Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-property relations in nonferrous metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, (ردمك 0-471-64952-X)
Sacks O 2001, Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a chemical boyhood, Alfred A Knopf, New York, (ردمك 0-375-40448-1)
Sanderson RT 1960, Chemical periodicity, Reinhold Publishing, New York
Sanderson RT 1967, Inorganic chemistry, Reinhold, New York
Sanderson K 2012, 'Stinky rocks hide Earth's only haven for natural fluorine', Nature News, July, دُوِي:10.1038/nature.2012.10992
Schaefer JC 1968, 'Boron' in CA Hampel (ed.), The encyclopedia of the chemical elements, Reinhold, New York, pp. 73–81
Sidgwick NV 1950, The chemical elements and their compounds, vol. 1, Clarendon, Oxford
Sidorov، T. A. (1960). "The connection between structural oxides and their tendency to glass formation". Glass and Ceramics. ج. 17 ع. 11: 599–603. DOI:10.1007/BF00670116. ISSN:0361-7610.
Sisler HH 1973, Electronic structure, properties, and the periodic law, Van Nostrand, New York
Slezak 2014, 'Natural ball lightning probed for the first time', New Scientist, 16 January
Slough W 1972, 'Discussion of session 2b: Crystal structure and bond mechanism of metallic compounds', in O Kubaschewski (ed.), Metallurgical chemistry, proceedings of a symposium held at Brunel University and the National Physical Laboratory on the 14, 15 and 16 July 1971, Her Majesty's Stationery Office [for the] National Physical Laboratory, London
Slyh JA 1955, 'Graphite', in JF Hogerton & RC Grass (eds), Reactor handbook: Materials, US Atomic Energy Commission, McGraw Hill, New York, pp. 133‒154
Smith A 1921, General chemistry for colleges, 2nd ed., Century, New York
Sneed MC 1954, General college chemistry, Van Nostrand, New York
Sommer، A. (1943). "Alloys of Gold with Alkali Metals". Nature. ج. 152 ع. 3851: 215–215. DOI:10.1038/152215a0. ISSN:0028-0836.
Soverna S 2004, 'Indication for a gaseous element 112', in U Grundinger (ed.), GSI Scientific Report 2003, GSI Report 2004-1, p. 187, ISSN 0174-0814
Stoker HS 2010, General, organic, and biological chemistry, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Belmont CA, (ردمك 0-495-83146-8)
Stoye, E., 2014, 'Iridium forms compound in +9 oxidation state', Chemistry World, 22 October 2014
Sun، Haiyan؛ Xu، Zhen؛ Gao، Chao (14 مايو 2013). "Multifunctional, Ultra‐Flyweight, Synergistically Assembled Carbon Aerogels". Advanced Materials. ج. 25 ع. 18: 2554–2560. DOI:10.1002/adma.201204576. ISSN:0935-9648.
Rao، R. V. G. Sundara (1950). "Elastic constants of orthorhombic sulphur". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Section A. ج. 32 ع. 4: 275-278. DOI:10.1007/BF03170831. ISSN:0370-0089.
Sundara Rao RVG 1954, 'Erratum to: Elastic constants of orthorhombic sulphur', Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 151
Swalin RA 1962, Thermodynamics of solids, John Wiley & Sons, New York
Tilley RJD 2004, Understanding solids: The science of materials, 4th ed., John Wiley, New York
Walker JD, Newman MC & Enache M 2013, Fundamental QSARs for metal ions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, (ردمك 978-1-4200-8434-4)
White، Mary Anne؛ Cerqueira، Anthony B.؛ Whitman، Catherine A.؛ Johnson، Michel B.؛ Ogitsu، Tadashi (16 مارس 2015). "Determination of Phase Stability of Elemental Boron". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. ج. 54 ع. 12: 3626–3629. DOI:10.1002/anie.201409169. ISSN:1433-7851.
Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, (ردمك 0-12-352651-5)
Wickleder، M. S.؛ Pley، M.؛ Büchner، O. (2006). "Sulfates of Precious Metals: Fascinating Chemistry of Potential Materials". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. ج. 632 ع. 12–13: 2080–2080. DOI:10.1002/zaac.200670009. ISSN:0044-2313.
Wickleder MS 2007, 'Chalcogen-oxygen chemistry', in FA Devillanova (ed.), Handbook of chalcogen chemistry: new perspectives in sulfur, selenium and tellurium, RSC, Cambridge, pp. 344–377, (ردمك 978-0-85404-366-8)
Wilson JR 1965, 'The structure of liquid metals and alloys', Metallurgical reviews, vol. 10, p. 502
Wilson AH 1966, Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, Cambridge University, Cambridge
Witczak Z, Goncharova VA & Witczak PP 2000, 'Irreversible effect of hydrostatic pressure on the elastic properties of polycrystalline tellurium', in MH Manghnani, WJ Nellis & MF Nicol (eds), Science and technology of high pressure: Proceedings of the International Conference on High Pressure Science and Technology (AIRAPT-17), Honolulu, Hawaii, 25‒30 July 1999, vol. 2, Universities Press, Hyderabad, pp. 822‒825, (ردمك 81-7371-339-1)
Witt SF 1991, 'Dimethylmercury', Occupational Safety & Health Administration Hazard Information Bulletin, US Department of Labor, February 15, accessed 8 May 2015
Wittenberg، Layton J.؛ DeWitt، Robert (1 مايو 1972). "Volume Contraction During Melting; Emphasis on Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". The Journal of Chemical Physics. ج. 56 ع. 9: 4526–4533. DOI:10.1063/1.1677899. ISSN:0021-9606.
Wulfsberg G 2000, Inorganic chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito CA, (ردمك 1-891389-01-7)
Young RV & Sessine S (eds) 2000, World of chemistry, Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan
Zhigal'skii GP & Jones BK 2003, Physical properties of thin metal films, Taylor & Francis, London, (ردمك 0-415-28390-6)
Zuckerman & Hagen (eds) 1991, Inorganic reactions and methods, vol, 5: The formation of bonds to group VIB (O، S، Se، Te، Po) elements (part 1), VCH Publishers, Deerfield Beach, Fla, (ردمك 0-89573-250-5)