من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
الفلاسفة الغربيين و العرب/المسلمين [ عدل ] فلاسفة كلاسيكيين [ عدل ] 600-500 ق م [ عدل ] 500-400 ق م [ عدل ] 400-300 ق م [ عدل ] Aristippus of North Africa - Cyreniac. hedonismAntisthenes of Athens - Cynic. wise can't be fooled, denied contradictionsXenophon of Greece - historyPlato of AthensDiogenes of Greece - Cynic. individualist, independentEuclid of Greece - geometryAristotle of StagiraXenocrates - soul as numbersPyrrho of Elis - skeptic300-200 ق م [ عدل ] 200-100 BC [ عدل ] 100-0 BC [ عدل ] Roman era philosophers [ عدل ] 0-100 AD [ عدل ] Jesus Philo - allegorical methodSeneca - pro-suicide, stoic100-200 AD [ عدل ] 200-400 AD [ عدل ] Western Medieval era philosophers [ عدل ] 400-500 AD [ عدل ] Saint Augustine - everything is in the present tense, original sinهيباتيا - Platonism, mathematics, "heretic"Pelagius - free will, anti-original sinCyril of Alexandria - Christ as a single person with two aspects, persecuted opposing philosophersNestorius - Christ as a dual man/God, "heretic"Proclus - late Neoplatonist500-800 AD [ عدل ] 800-900 AD [ عدل ] al-Kindi - faith over reasonJohn the Scot - Johannes Scotus Erigena ; free will, Pelagian, realist, pantheism, predestination, neoplatonic900-1000 AD [ عدل ] al-Faràbi - God through logic, Aristotlean logic Platonian societySaadia Gaon - linguistics, duty over pleasureal-Razi - chemist and early scientific genius; God creates the universe by rearranging pre-existing laws1000-1100 م [ عدل ] 1100-1200 م [ عدل ] 1200-1300 م [ عدل ] 1300-1400 م [ عدل ] 1400-1500 م [ عدل ] كوسا - contradictions are solved through divinityلورينزو فالا - incompatibility of divine omnipotence and free will, humanism, criticized scholastic logicبيكو ديلا ميراندولا - unified theory, humanismأوائل الفلسفات الحديثة [ عدل ] 1500-1550 م [ عدل ] ايراسموس - humanism, free will, irreligiousنيقولا ميكافيللي - leadership, success by any means, militarismتوماس مور - theism, utopia, hedonism, humanism, ecclesiologyكوبرنيكوس بيتروس راموس - dialecticalمارتن لوثر 1550-1600 م [ عدل ] 1600-1700 م [ عدل ] 1600-1650 م [ عدل ] 1650-1700 [ عدل ] جوزيف غلانفيل - anti-empirical skeptic, anti-atheistارنولد جويلنيكس - anti-dualistلويس باسكال - pro-faith, fideistic mathematicianهنري مور - compatibility of faith and reason, theisticغيرارد غورديموي - dualistبيير نيكول - egoismرالف كودورث - immutable moralityمارغريت كافينديش - spiritual materialist feminismانتوني ارنولد - logicريتشارد كومبيرلاند - anti-egoist, universal benevolenceجاك روال - animal mechanismسيمون فوشر - skepticismروجر بويل - chemist, mechanistنيقولا ماليبرانش - uncausalityصامويل بوفيندورف - social contractباروخ سبينوزا اسحاق نيوتن - physics, gravityآن كونوي - universal substance, monadبيير ريجي - interaction of accidentally conjoined substances accepted on faithجون لوك داماريس ماشام - feministجون تولاند - rational theismبيير بايل - fideist, skepticism, Pyrrhonistمادلين دي سوفر - human nature1700-1750 [ عدل ] Samuel Clarke - obligation to worship, NewtonianAnthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury - moral sense without GodJohn Norris - MalebrancianGottfried Leibniz George Berkeley Catherine Cockburn - empiricism, rational moralityGiambattista Vico - genius-centered historianبرنارد ماندفيل - egoistFrancis Hutcheson - greatest happiness principle, moral senseJoseph Butler - conscience as moderation of self-loveChristian Wolff - fatalism, rationalismJohn Gay (philosopher) - theistic roots of utilitarianismDavid Hume Julien La Mettrie - materialist, physician genetic deterministDavid Hartley - mechanisms for ideasCharles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu - skepticism, humanism1750-1800 [ عدل ] Leonhard Euler - number theoryEtienne de Condillac - empiricismRichard Price - liberal, intuitionist-rational moralityJean d'Alembert - agnosticism, empiricismVoltaire - deist, sensationalismDenis Diderot - atheism, social contract theoryJohn Wesley Jean-Jacques Rousseau Thomas Bayes - probabilityبارون دي هولباخ - materialism, atheismHelvétius - hedonism, egoism, empiricismAdam Smith Thomas Jefferson - liberalThomas Reid - realism common senseThomas Paine - American revolutionaryG.E. Lessing - truth as historical developmentEdmund Burke - traditionalist, aestheteإيمانويل كانت Mary Wollstonecraft - feminismJeremy Bentham - revolutionary, utilitarianMoses Mendelssohn - theist, immortal souls toleranceDugald Stewart - common sense realismWilliam Godwin - anarchism, social theorist, utilitarianismFriedrich Schiller - unKantian ethicsThomas Malthus - overpopulationWilliam Paley - moral sense theory, teleological argument of GodJohann Gottlieb Fichte - noumenal self, idealism, nationalismModern philosophers [ عدل ] 1800-1850 [ عدل ] C.F. Gauss - electromagnetics prime numbersMadame de Staël - essayist of philosophyF.W.J. von Schelling - transcendental idealismFriedrich Schleiermacher - faith over reason, hermeneuticsP.S. de Laplace - determinismG.W.F. Hegel Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - evolutionComte de Saint-Simon - socialismJoseph Fourier - heat conduction archeologyArthur Schopenhauer Richard Whately -logicianCharles Babbage - difference engine, economyN.I. Lobachevsky - nonEuclidean geometryJohn Austin - legal positivism, utilitarianAuguste Comte William Whewell - realism, creative theory in scienceJames Mill - utilitarianism, associationistP.J. Proudhon برنارد بولزانو - objective independence of truthsRalph Waldo Emerson - abolitionist, egalitarian, nontheist, humanistLudwig Feuerbach - nontheistic humanismAugustus De Morgan - logical validityMargaret Fuller - egalitarian, social reformerSøren Kierkegaard George Boole - Boolean algebraهنري ديفد ثورو - revolutionary, passive resistance1850-1875 [ عدل ] 1875-1900 [ عدل ] Henry Sidgwick - conflicting moralitiesRichard Dedekind - Peano postulates, real numbers defined as cuts of rational numbersW. K. Clifford - morally wrong to believe in errors or uncertaintiesCharles Peirce - pragmatism, abductive logic, syllogismEdward Caird - idealistErnst Mach - logical positivism, radical empiricismT.H. Green - anti-laissez-faire, abstract thoughtGottlob Frege - quantifiersWilhelm Dilthey - metaphysics as a cultural phenomenonFriedrich Nietzsche Lewis Carroll - epistemologyBernard Bosanquet - the Absolute, idealism, contradictions as illusionsGiuseppe Peano - logicization of arithmaticElizabeth Stanton - separation of church and state, egalitarianDavid George Ritchie - idealism, natural rightsÉmile Durkheim - sociology as transcendent of biological and psychological explanationWilliam James Josiah Royce - absolute idealismCharlotte Perkins Gilman - feminist, matriarchicalF.H. Bradley - absolute idealismVilfredo Pareto - elitismThorstein Veblen - sociology, liberal educationالفلاسفة الحديثين المتأخرين [ عدل ] 1900-1925 [ عدل ] ماكس بلانك - the Planck constantسيغموند فرويد ماكس فيبر - sociology, separation of observation and judgmentهنري برغسون جون ديوي - pragmatism, philosophy of educationاليكسوس ماينونغ - levels of realityدوبويس - sociologist of raceكوك ويلسون - realist epistemologyهنري بوانكارييه - knowledge as utility and not truthبيير دوهيم - science as metaphysical speculationادموند هوسرل جين ادامز - pragmatism, social ethicsاندرو سيث - personality as reality, idealismارنست زيرميلو - axiomatization of set theoryج اي مور - subjective good, common senseبينيديتو كروك - anti-fascist, non-cognitivist creativityألبرت اينشتاين - theory of relativityكارل يونغ - psychology, personality theoryايما غولدمان - anarchismهانس فايهنغر - concepts as fictionsنيلز بور - atomist and quantum theoryروزا لوكسيمبورغ - revolutionary, activistرودولف اوتو - numinous feelingsديفيد هلبرت - axiomatic formalization of mathematicsماغويل دي اونامونو - human morality dilemmaالفريد ادلر - inferiority complexفريديناند دي سوسير جان لوكاسيفيكز - bracketless logical notationمارتين بوبر - Jewish existentialistبرتراند راسل الفرد روث وايتهيد - event and process based metaphysicsجورج هربرت ميد - self-consciousness, symbolic interactionismصامويل الكساندر - perceptual realismج م ي ماكتاغرت - ultimate idealism, antidialecticsجون ماينارد كيينز - probability, economics: inflation sometimes helps boost economiesسي برود - existence of phenomenaجورجي لوكاس - socialist realism, communismجورج سانتيانا - desire for belief in human nature, aesthetic priority1925-1950 [ عدل ] هانز رايشينباخ - relativity, probabilityارثر اونكن لافجوي - perceptual realism principle of plentitude, history of ideasو د روس - intuitionist, moral dutiesنيكولاي بيردياييف - theistic existentialismفيرنر هايزنبرغ - quantum mechanics, uncertainty principleهايدجر هانس كيلسن - universal legal ground rule outside of moralityموريتز شليك - Vienna Circle. logical positivism, positivist ethicsاوتو نيوراث - Vienna Circle. anti-metaphysic, logical positivismفرانك رامزي - redundancy theory of truth, nature of semantic paradox, modern applications of probability calculusارنست كاسيرير - categories as a prioriنيكولاي هارتمان - Kantian idealism, realismكارل بارث - theism, neo-orthodoxyكورت غودل - Vienna Circle. systems can't analyze themselvesرالف يارتون بيري - naturalistic perceptual realismانتونيو غرامسكي - humanistic / libertarian Marxismر ج كولينغوود - understanding of history by reconstruction of thoughtرومان انغاردن - perceptual realism, phenomenalism, aesthetic theoryسي آي لويس - naturalism, Symbolic Logicغاستون باكيلارد - knowledge as imagination between evidence and rationalityأ ج آيير - logical positivism, emotivist ethicsفريدريك وايزمان - Vienna Circle. logical positivism, conventionalist, analytic semanticsجاك ماريتين - theist, one author of declaration of human rightsدوروثي داي - theist, passive resistance, communismيوزي اورتيغا غاريت - relativism, populistالفريد تارسكي - correspondence theory of truth, semanticsرودولف كارناب - Vienna Circle. Logical positivist, experiential, confirmation of hypothesesويلارد فان اورمان كوين - pragmatism, logic, philosophy of languageبراند بلانشارد - absolute idealism naturalistic moralityاي ناغيل - logical pragmatism, reductionismكارل بوبر ارنست اديسون مودي - philosopher of science, medievalist, philosophy of religionمهاتما غاندي - humanism, passive resistanceكارين هورني - vagina resentmentجان بول سارتر غيلبرت ريل - logical behaviorism, misapplication of semantics in philosophyهي هي برايس - defended relationship between sense-data and objectsسوزان لانغر - emotions as inexpressible by languageالبرت كاموس مورتيمر ادلر - liberal education, great ideas theoryفريدريك فون هاييك - classic liberal / libertarian economicsكارل غاسبرز - authentic existentialismسي ال ستيفنسون - emotivismلودفيغ فيتغينشتاين تيودور ادورنو - Frankfurt School . conformity as a paradox to individuality, the authoritarian personalityألان تورينغ - AI studies, functionalism in the philosophy of mindبريكارد - perceptual realism, moral intuitionismغابرييل مارسيل - theistic existentialismسيمون ويل - eclectic philosophy of religionسيمون دي بوفير - existentialism, feminismفرانتز فانون - colonialism, phenomenologyجون هوارد يوديل - theism, pacifism & nonviolenceانظر أيضا [ عدل ] مواقع خارجية [ عدل ]
