مستخدم:Nagham ashraf/ملعب77

INTRODUCTION:

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemla of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and fallure of different organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. There is 3 main type of diabetes and they are:

Type 1 diabetes:

• This type is an autoimmune disease, meaning your body attacks itself. In this case, the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas are destroyed. Up to 10% of people who have diabetes have Type 1. It’s usually diagnosed in children and young adults (but can develop at any age). It was once better known as “juvenile” diabetes. People with Type 1 diabetes need to take insulin every day. This is why it is also called insulin-dependent diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes:

• With this type, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or your body’s cells don’t respond normally to the insulin. This is the most common type of diabetes. Up to 95% of people with diabetes have Type 2. It usually occurs in middle-aged and older people. Other common names for Type 2 include adult-onset diabetes and insulin-resistant diabetes. Your parents or grandparents may have called it “having a touch of sugar.”

Prediabetes:

• This type is the stage before Type 2 diabetes. Your blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be officially diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.

Gestational diabetes:

• This type develops in some women during their pregnancy. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after pregnancy. However, if you have gestational diabetes you're at higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later on in life.

Less common types of diabetes include:

Monogenic diabetes syndromes:

• These are rare inherited forms of diabetes accounting for up to 4% of all cases. Examples are neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young.

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes:

• This is a form of diabetes specific to people with this disease.

Drug or chemical-induced diabetes:

• Examples of this type happen after organ transplant, following HIV/AIDS treatment or are associated with glucocorticoid steroid use.

Diabetes insipidus is a distinct rare condition that causes your kidneys to produce a large amount of urine.

Symptoms

Diabetes symptoms vary depending on how much your blood sugar is elevated. Some people, especially those with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, may sometimes not experience symptoms. In type 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe.

Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are:

• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Extreme hunger
• Unexplained weight loss
• Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin)
• Fatigue
• Irritability
• Blurred vision
• Slow-healing sores
• Frequent infections, such as gums or skin infections and vaginal infections

One of the most vital component in diabetes management is blood glucose elucose levels is a strategic target in the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus especially Type-2 diabetes (T2DM)

Between around 60 and 140 (mg/dL) is considered to be healthy This is equivalent to a blood sugar concentration of between 33 and 7.8 mmol/L

Hyperglycemia

Occurs when blood sugar Levels are too high. People develop. hyperglycemia iF their diabetes is not treated properly (more than 140 mg\di).

Hypoglycernia

(sets in when blood sugar levels are too low .This is usually a side effect of treatment with blood-sugar lowering medication (low than 60mg\di