ميتيلوروبا

Mitteleuropa أوميتيلوروبا ( تُلفظ بالألمانية: [ˈmɪtl̩ʔɔʏˌroːpa] )، التي تعني وسط أوروبا، هي واحدة من المصطلحات الألمانية لأوروبا الوسطى. ^[1] اكتسب هذا المصطلح دلالات ثقافية وسياسية وتاريخية متنوعة. ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[7]

التاريخ المفاهيمي

هجرات العصور الوسطى

رؤى مختلفة ميتيلوروبا

في النصف الأول من القرن التاسع عشر، نشأت أفكار اتحاد أوروبا الوسطى بين الإمبراطورية الروسية والقوى العظمى في غرب أوروبا، بناءً على اعتبارات جغرافية وعرقية واقتصادية.

مصطلح ميتيلوروبا تم تقديمه رسمياً من قبل كارل لودفيج فون بروك ولورنز فون شتاين ، وهي أول نظرية للمصطلح حاولت عام 1848، ^[8] بهدف سلسلة من الاتحادات الاقتصادية المتشابكة. ^[9] ومع ذلك، فإن الخطط التي دعا إليها الوزير النمساوي، الأمير فيليكس من شوارزنبرج، تعثرت في مقاومة الدول الألمانية. بعد الحرب النمساوية البروسية عام 1866 وتوحيد ألمانيا بقيادة البروسي تحت رئاسة المستشار أوتو فون بسمارك في عام 1871، اضطرت النمسا إلى التخلي عن مطالبتها بالقيادة واستخدمت بعد ذلك ميتيلوروبا للإشارة إلى أراضي النمسا-المجر في حوض الدانوب. في النمسا تطور هذا المفهوم كبديل للمسألة الألمانية، وهو ما يعادل اندماج دول الاتحاد الألماني والإمبراطورية النمساوية متعددة الأعراق تحت القيادة الراسخة لسلالة هابسبورغ.

البروسية Mitteleuropa خطة

ملاحظات

المراجع

^ LEO Ergebnisse für "Mitteleuropa" نسخة محفوظة 7 أغسطس 2011 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ Wendt, Jan 'Współpraca regionalna Polski w Europie Środkowej' Centrum Europejskie University of Warsaw, Studia Europejskie, nr 4/1998
^ Johnson, Lonnie (1996) Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends pp.6–12 quotation:
«it may refer to different things for different people. Its meaning changes in different national and historical contexts, or as Jacques Rupnik ... observed: "Tell me where Central Europe is, and I can tell who you are." For example, when Germans start talking about Central Europe, Mitteleuropa, or their historical relations with "the East," everyone starts getting nervous because this inevitably conjures up negative historical associations starting with the conquests of the Teutonic Knights in the Middle Ages and ending with German imperialism in the nineteenth century, World War I, the Third Reich, Nazi imperialism, World War II, and the Holocaust.»
نسخة محفوظة 10 ديسمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ Bischof et al. (2000) p.558 quotation:
«I have identified at least seven different "definitions" of "Central Europe": Mitteleuropa (in the German imperial sense); German-Jewish Central Europe; the Central Europe of small (non-Germanic) nations (the Palacky-Masaryk tradition); the nostalgic, k.u.k. or Austro-Hungarian version of Mitteleuropa (without imperial Germans) which is related to the Austro-Hungarian version of Mitteleuropa in the 1970s and 1980s (Kreisky-Kadar-Busek); the Mitteleuropa of the West German left and peace movement in the 1980s; the "Central Europe" of Eastern European dissidents and intellectuals (for example, Milosz, Kundera, Konrad); and finally the "Central and Eastern Europe" of the European Union.»
نسخة محفوظة 29 ديسمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ Hann, C. M. and Magocsi, Paul R. (2005) Galicia: A Multicultured Land, pp.178–9 quotation:
«The notion of Mitteleuropa carries diverse connotations, many far from positive. It should be noted that the Mitteleuropa fondly recalled by Habsburg-era nostalgics stands in clear oppositions to the Prussian understanding of Mitteleuropa. The Habsburg multi-national vision is a negation of the Prussian state-centric ideal first promoted by Friedrich Naumann and others, and later adopted by Nazi geopoliticians.»
نسخة محفوظة 17 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ Eder, Klaus and Spohn, Willfried Collective Memory and European Identity pp.90–1, quotation:
«Not only has Central Europe been recovered from oblivion, but also the memory of past links, affinities and cultural commonalities between Italy and other Mitteleuropean countries — namely, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia — seems to have come to the forefront again. ... one should mention the role and the weight of Mitteleuropean literature in Italy. This genre has acquired considerable prominence among Italian readers and in cultural debates since the early 1960s, thanks to literary festivals such as Mittelfest and to the support of important publishing houses such as Adelphi. Authors such as ... are all read and known to Italians not only as Italian, Austria, Czech, Hungarian, etc, but also as Mitteleuropean. The well-known writer Claudio Magris contributed more than anybody else to the 1960s revival of Mitteleuropean culture and to the awareness of the existence of a common cultural koiné among those territories that were once part of the Habsburg Empire. ... The notion of Mitteleuropa, as authors such as Magris conceive it, has nothing to do with the notorious pan-Germanist interpretation of it that goes back to Frederich Naumann's Mitteleuropa (Le Rider 1995:97–106). The point of reference is, instead, the super-national, cosmopolitan Austro-Hungarian Empire and its specific 'cultural and spiritual koiné'. ... there is no embarrassment surrounding the use of this term in Italy as is the case with Germany and Austria.»
نسخة محفوظة 17 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ Bischof, Günter and Pelinka, Anton and Stiefel, Dieter (2000) The Marshall Plan in Austria p.552 quotation:
«the German-speaking world was the filter through which western European ideas were transmitted to central Europe; ... The frontier of this Mitteleuropa may correspond to the more benign Habsburg or, after 1867, the Austro-Hungarian version of Mitteleuropa as well as the more aggressive imperial German versions of Naumann's German "economic space" or Hitler's Lebensraum.»
"نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-04-17.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Libardi, Massimo and Orlandi, Fernando (2011) 'Mitteleuropa, Mito, letteratura, filosofia', p.19 "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-04-17.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link) ^{[وصلة مكسورة]}
^ Atkinson, David and Dodds, Klaus (editors) Geopolitical Traditions: Critical Histories of a Century of Geopolitical Thought Routledge (2000) p41

قائمة المراجع

JFV Keiger, The Fischer Controversy, the War Origins Debate and France: A non-history of Cambridge, Journal of Contemporary History (London 2010), pp. 363–375
Fritz Fischer, The War Aims of Germany, 1914–1918, (1967)
J. Brechtefeld, Mitteleuropa and German politics. 1848 to the present (London 1996)

[LEOdict-1] LEO Ergebnisse für "Mitteleuropa" نسخة محفوظة 7 أغسطس 2011 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[Wendt1998-2] Wendt, Jan 'Współpraca regionalna Polski w Europie Środkowej' Centrum Europejskie University of Warsaw, Studia Europejskie, nr 4/1998

[Johnson1996-3] Johnson, Lonnie (1996) Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends pp.6–12 quotation:
«it may refer to different things for different people. Its meaning changes in different national and historical contexts, or as Jacques Rupnik ... observed: "Tell me where Central Europe is, and I can tell who you are." For example, when Germans start talking about Central Europe, Mitteleuropa, or their historical relations with "the East," everyone starts getting nervous because this inevitably conjures up negative historical associations starting with the conquests of the Teutonic Knights in the Middle Ages and ending with German imperialism in the nineteenth century, World War I, the Third Reich, Nazi imperialism, World War II, and the Holocaust.»
نسخة محفوظة 10 ديسمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[Bischof2000p558-4] Bischof et al. (2000) p.558 quotation:
«I have identified at least seven different "definitions" of "Central Europe": Mitteleuropa (in the German imperial sense); German-Jewish Central Europe; the Central Europe of small (non-Germanic) nations (the Palacky-Masaryk tradition); the nostalgic, k.u.k. or Austro-Hungarian version of Mitteleuropa (without imperial Germans) which is related to the Austro-Hungarian version of Mitteleuropa in the 1970s and 1980s (Kreisky-Kadar-Busek); the Mitteleuropa of the West German left and peace movement in the 1980s; the "Central Europe" of Eastern European dissidents and intellectuals (for example, Milosz, Kundera, Konrad); and finally the "Central and Eastern Europe" of the European Union.»
نسخة محفوظة 29 ديسمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[Hann2005p178-5] Hann, C. M. and Magocsi, Paul R. (2005) Galicia: A Multicultured Land, pp.178–9 quotation:
«The notion of Mitteleuropa carries diverse connotations, many far from positive. It should be noted that the Mitteleuropa fondly recalled by Habsburg-era nostalgics stands in clear oppositions to the Prussian understanding of Mitteleuropa. The Habsburg multi-national vision is a negation of the Prussian state-centric ideal first promoted by Friedrich Naumann and others, and later adopted by Nazi geopoliticians.»
نسخة محفوظة 17 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[Eder91-6] Eder, Klaus and Spohn, Willfried Collective Memory and European Identity pp.90–1, quotation:
«Not only has Central Europe been recovered from oblivion, but also the memory of past links, affinities and cultural commonalities between Italy and other Mitteleuropean countries — namely, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia — seems to have come to the forefront again. ... one should mention the role and the weight of Mitteleuropean literature in Italy. This genre has acquired considerable prominence among Italian readers and in cultural debates since the early 1960s, thanks to literary festivals such as Mittelfest and to the support of important publishing houses such as Adelphi. Authors such as ... are all read and known to Italians not only as Italian, Austria, Czech, Hungarian, etc, but also as Mitteleuropean. The well-known writer Claudio Magris contributed more than anybody else to the 1960s revival of Mitteleuropean culture and to the awareness of the existence of a common cultural koiné among those territories that were once part of the Habsburg Empire. ... The notion of Mitteleuropa, as authors such as Magris conceive it, has nothing to do with the notorious pan-Germanist interpretation of it that goes back to Frederich Naumann's Mitteleuropa (Le Rider 1995:97–106). The point of reference is, instead, the super-national, cosmopolitan Austro-Hungarian Empire and its specific 'cultural and spiritual koiné'. ... there is no embarrassment surrounding the use of this term in Italy as is the case with Germany and Austria.»
نسخة محفوظة 17 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[Bischof2000p552-7] Bischof, Günter and Pelinka, Anton and Stiefel, Dieter (2000) The Marshall Plan in Austria p.552 quotation:
«the German-speaking world was the filter through which western European ideas were transmitted to central Europe; ... The frontier of this Mitteleuropa may correspond to the more benign Habsburg or, after 1867, the Austro-Hungarian version of Mitteleuropa as well as the more aggressive imperial German versions of Naumann's German "economic space" or Hitler's Lebensraum.»
"نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-04-17.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)

[Libardi2011p19-8] Libardi, Massimo and Orlandi, Fernando (2011) 'Mitteleuropa, Mito, letteratura, filosofia', p.19 "نسخة مؤرشفة" (PDF). مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2020-04-17.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link) ^{[وصلة مكسورة]}

[9] Atkinson, David and Dodds, Klaus (editors) Geopolitical Traditions: Critical Histories of a Century of Geopolitical Thought Routledge (2000) p41

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وصلة مكسورة